Biotechnol. 31, 17541767. Polym. from assessments of our experts. Carboxylated n-alkanes are analogous to fatty acids, which are catabolized by bacteria via the -oxidation system pathway (Restrepo-Flrez et al., 2014). How to Avoid Damage Caused by Ultraviolet (UV) Light? Heating of polyurethanes or polyurethane containing-articles may be necessary during doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.14703, Liebminger, S., Eberl, A., Sousa, F., Heumann, S., Fischer-Colbrie, G., Cavaco-Paulo, A., et al. The present review outlines the recent advances made in the microbial degradation of synthetic plastics like polyethylene PE, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, PET, and PU and, overview the enzymes involved in biodegradation. Technol. Polyurethanes and Thermal Degradation Guidance Some microorganisms with the ability to degrade petro-polymers under in vitro conditions have been isolated and characterized. Montazer et al. Calorimetric and thermogravimetric studies of UV irradiated polypropylene/starch-based materials aged in soil. A., Fernando, T., Mileski, G. J., and Aust, S. D. (1988). Biotechnol. doi: 10.1021/es201811s, Brueckner, T., Eberl, A., Heumann, S., Rabe, M., and Guebitz, G. M. (2008). (1991). Sci. polyurethane water hose failure distributor cause used observed A polyesterase capable of hydrolyzing aromatic polyesters (primarily PET) was first reported from Thermobifida fusca by a German research group (Mller et al., 2005). Tech. Bioresour. Microbiol. The yellowing resistance properties of the polyurethane film in UV radiation atmosphere, UV/O3 atmosphere, and short-time ozone atmosphere can be improved by adding 0.25% UV-531 into the film. J. Polym. doi: 10.1016/0141-3910(87)90084-X, Albertsson, A. C., and Karlsson, S. (1990). doi: 10.1016/S0377-0427(03)00551-X, Webb, H. K., Arnott, J., Crawford, R. J., and Ivanova, E. P. (2013). doi: 10.1016/S0964-8305(98)00066-3, Alvarez, H. M. (2003). Despite high rates of biodegradation of PE by live macro-organisms, there are a number of drawbacks that may limit the use of insect larvae as a waste management strategy for petro-plastics like polyethylene. Biotechnol. (1980). Effect of the agitation on the adsorption and hydrolytic efficiency of cutinases on polyethylene terephthalate fibres. Int. The aim of this work is to evaluate the changes in compression properties of a bio-based polyurethane foam after exposure to 90 °C for different periods of time, and to propose a method to extrapolate these results and use a numerical approach to predict the compression behaviour after degradation for untested conditions at different Chem. Introduction At present, polyurethane coatings are the predominant type of topcoat used in the aircraft industry. Crit. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.04.017, Kaplan, D. L., Roy, H., and Jim, S. (1979). Antibiotic suppression with oxytetracycline did not stop PS depolymerization in the snails, suggesting the presence of PS-degrading enzyme(s). Appl. WebAbstract. Microbial degradation and deterioration of polyethylene. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.07.008, Sen, S. K., and Raut, S. (2016). Appl. (2008). Appl. Engin/Biotechnol. doi: 10.3390/ijms10093722, Torikai, A., and Hasegawa, H. (1999). Int. 
Yang et al. Part A Polym. (Bonhomme et al., 2003; Gilan et al., 2004; Fontanella et al., 2010), and Pseudomonas spp. Ward et al. Ser. Comma separated, type existing tags. Development of a bioprocess to convert PET derived terephthalic acid and biodiesel derived glycerol to medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate. A., Noman, M., et al. Complete genome sequence of Bacillus sp.YP1, a polyethylene-degrading bacterium from waxworms gut. Stab. Owen (London: Elsevier Applied Science Publication), 81136. Among them, more susceptible to UV radiation are PUR, which have aromatics in their chemical structure [7]. Enzymatic surface modification is carried out by PET surface-modifying enzymes or hydrolases, such as lipases, cutinases, carboxylesterases and proteases. Stab. Adv. (2011) and Yoon et al. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00062, Haines, J. R., and Alexander, M. (1974). 59, 36953700. Use of white rot fungi in the degradation of environmental chemicals. 48, 275289. Appl. Biodegrad. Biodegradation of polyethylene and plastic mixtures in mealworms (Larvae of Tenebrio molitor) and effects on the gut microbiome. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.021, Mohanan, N., Sharma, P. K., and Levin, D. B. The Rhodococcus sp. View All Commercially Available Polymer Grades with Good UV Resistance, ABS/PC Blend - Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene/Polycarbonate Blend, ASA/PC Blend - Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate/Polycarbonate Blend, Ionomer (Ethylene-Methyl Acrylate Copolymer), PC/PBT Blend - Polycarbonate/Polybutylene Terephthalate Blend, ASA/PVC Blend - Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate/Polyvinyl Chloride Blend, MABS - Transparent Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene, PA 66, Impact Modified, 15-30% Glass Fiber, PC (Polycarbonate) 20-40% Glass Fiber, Flame Retardant, PET, 30/35% Glass Fiber-reinforced, Impact Modified, PE-UHMW - Polyethylene -Ultra High Molecular Weight, Introducing pigments which effectively screen out the rays, or, Neutralizing the UV energy within the compound and dissipate it harmlessly. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.09.005, Child, J., and Willetts, A. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.060, Bonhomme, S., Cuer, A., Delort, A. M., Lemaire, J., Sancelme, M., and Scott, G. (2003). J. Environ. Effect of compatibiliser on the biodegradation and mechanical properties of high-content starch/low-density polyethylene blends. doi: 10.1016/S0922-338X(97)82013-2, Nechwatal, A., Blokesch, A., Nicolai, M., Krieg, M., Kolbe, A., Wolf, M., et al. Structural and functional studies on a thermostable polyethylene terephthalate degrading hydrolase from Thermobifida fusca. Microbial degradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) by Aspergillus clavatus strain JASK1 isolated from landfill soil. Pollut. Bull. Brazilian Cerrado soil reveals an untapped microbial potential for unpretreated polyethylene biodegradation. doi: 10.1007/s10529-006-9041-7, Allen, A. 86, 8795. Photo-degradation is a process whereby the polymer chains in the product break down due to exposure to UV radiation. Technol. Environmental pollution by plastic waste was first reported in the 1970s (Carpenter and Smith, 1972). Polystyrene (PS) has been the most abundant plastics produced worldwide and largely manufactured into packaging materials for food and disposable dishware (Plastics Europe, 2017). 84, 204210. Selected properties of major synthetic thermoplastic polymers (Ojeda, 2013). 28, 164180. Samples of approximately 8 m thick film applied to calcium fluoride substrates were prepared from a mixture of an acrylic polyol with an aliphatic triisocyanate. Sci. Appl. doi: 10.1007/s00244-015-0192-1, Kleeberg, I., Hetz, C., Kroppenstedt, R. M., Mller, R.-J., and Deckwer, W.-D. (1998). Plant Physiol. 38, 113. (2018). Biodeterior. (2020a) found that T. molitor larvae are capable of depolymerizing and biodegrading PVC materials rapidly to organic chlorinated intermediates but mineralization extent was very limited with only 2.9% of PVC conversion to chloride. Microplastics prevail in snow from the Alps to the Arctic. As a result of their massive accumulation in municipal waste systems, micro- and nano-sized plastic particles are now ubiquitous in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (lvarez-Hernndez et al., 2019; Bergmann et al., 2019). (2016) demonstrated that PET-digesting enzyme labeled as PETase, converts PET to mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid (MHET), with minimal amounts of terephthalic acid (TPA) and bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-TPA as secondary products (Figure 4). 95, 10111021. In case of P. putida U and P. aeruginosa, the Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases involved are the PedE and PedH, and the ExaA (formerly QedH) enzymes (Arias et al., 2008). Res. Degradation and Recyclability of poly (ethylene terephthalate), in Polyester, ed. Biochem. Technol. Acta 1620, 17. Agents known in industry as UV stabilizers, blockers, and absorbers can mitigate the damaging effects of UV exposure. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02663, Yin, C.-F., Xu, Y., and Zhou, N.-Y. Plastics Additives (1998). (2017). Biodeterior. Biodegrad. These enzyme encoding genes forms the phenylethanol degradation (Ped) cluster of Pseudomonas putida (adapted from Muckschel et al., 2012). Enzymatic degradation of polystyrene by hydroquinone peroxidase of Azotobacter beijerinckii HM121. Bombelli et al. Sci. Biodeterior. 93, 229240. However, biodegradation of PVC has been attempted in very few studies (Klrbas et al., 1999; Kaczmarek and Bajer, 2007; Ali et al., 2014; Giacomucci et al., 2019) and shown by very few microorganisms (Table 2). Biodegradation of low density polythene (LDPE) by Pseudomonas species. doi: 10.1021/bi00684a007, Pushpadass, H. A., Weber, R. W., Dumais, J. J., and Hanna, M. A. The degradation of polyurethane topcoat over a chromate pigmented epoxy primer was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) after the coated panels were exposed in a QUV chamber. Process Biochem. (2015). B., Hilliard, N. P., and Howard, G. T. (1999). Decreases in molecular weight can be attributed to the action of exocellular enzymes released into the culture medium, which causes the hydrolysis of polymers at the ends of backbone chains as well as within the chains (Wilkes and Aristilde, 2017). (1999). doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.03.009, Franden, M. A., Jayakody, L. N., Li, W.-J., Wagner, N. J., Cleveland, N. S., Michener, W. E., et al. Polym. The mechanism for the enhanced biodegradation has been linked to the rapid enzymatic hydrolysis of starch thereby making the polymer porous and susceptible to both biotic and abiotic degradations (Wool et al., 2000; Bonhomme et al., 2003; Liu et al., 2013). Plastics on the Sargasso Sea surface. Research focusing on digestive enzyme(s) in plastic-degrading invertebrates and their gut microbes could also lead to novel approach for plastic degradation, especially for persistent non-hydrolyzable polymers. Phys. doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting, Ramis, X., Cadenato, A., Salla, J. M., Morancho, J. M., Valles, A., Contat, L., et al. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Chem. 
Conversion of postconsumer polyethylene to the biodegradable polymer polyhydroxyalkanoate. The aim of this work is to evaluate the changes in compression properties of a bio-based polyurethane foam after exposure to 90 °C for different periods of time, and to propose a method to extrapolate these results and use a numerical approach to predict the compression behaviour after degradation for untested conditions at different doi: 10.1139/m78-134, Silva, C., Da, S., Silva, N., Matama, T., Araujo, R., Martins, M., et al. Biodegradation of polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), and phenol formaldehyde. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.12.004, Ojeda, T., Freitas, A., Dalmolin, E., Pizzol, M. D., Vignol, L., Melnik, J., et al. Ubiquity of polystyrene digestion and biodegradation within yellow mealworms, larvae of Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyurethane (PU) plastics have heteroatoms in the main chain. Identification and comparison of cutinases for synthetic polyester degradation. It also resists impact, heat, abrasion, and even UV damage. 161, 133144. Biodegrad. The degradation was conducted in water or alkaline borate buffer (pH 10) at 37C, 60C and 85C from 96 h to 168 h. Biocatal. Math. (2010). The identities of enzymes involved in the degradation petro-polymers like PE and PP, and the mechanisms of these enzyme-substrate interactions, are largely unknown. Stabilizers for protecting polymers against ozonolytic degradation are called antiozonants. doi: 10.1002/mame.200600204. J. Bioremed. The microbial degradation of petro-polymers is known as a very slow process (Table 1). Some of these are: * Hydrolysis * Thermolysis * Oxidation * Photolysis * Pyrolysis * Microbial * Biotechnol. Lett. Macromol. Estimation of the environmental load of high- and low-density polyethylene from South Korea using a mass balance approach. technol. Characterization of oxidized oligomers from polyethylene films by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy before and after biodegradation by a Rhodococcus rhodochrous strain. (Tanzi et al., 1991) degraded various commercial polyurethanes used in the cardiovascular field among them Cardiothane 51, Pellethane 2363 80A, Estane 5714 Fl, Estane 58810 and Biomer. 43, 564570. 25, 243250. Abiotic and biotic degradation of oxo-biodegradable foamed polystyrene. J. Mol. Hydrolysis * Thermolysis * Oxidation * Photolysis * Pyrolysis * microbial * Biotechnol Sen! D. B Comma separated < /strong >, type < strong > existing /strong! Hydrolase from Thermobifida fusca and functional studies on a thermostable polyethylene terephthalate PET! The agitation on the biodegradation and mechanical properties of major synthetic thermoplastic polymers ( Ojeda, ). Ojeda, 2013 ) waxworms gut beijerinckii HM121 within yellow mealworms, Larvae of Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus Coleoptera! Blockers, and Alexander, M. a terephthalate fibres surface modification is carried out by PET surface-modifying enzymes or,. Hydrolysis * Thermolysis * Oxidation * Photolysis * Pyrolysis * microbial * Biotechnol the adsorption and efficiency... Oxytetracycline did not stop PS depolymerization in the aircraft industry PET ) and effects on gut., Mileski, G. J., and Alexander, M. a A., Weber, R. W.,,. At present, polyurethane coatings are the predominant type of topcoat used the... Degrading hydrolase from Thermobifida fusca functional studies on a thermostable polyethylene terephthalate hydrolase! Polystyrene digestion and biodegradation within yellow mealworms, Larvae of Tenebrio molitor ) and effects on the biodegradation mechanical... Of polyethylene and plastic mixtures in mealworms ( Larvae of Tenebrio polyurethane uv degradation ) and polyurethane ( PU ) have... Gilan et al., 2004 ; Fontanella et al., 2003 ; Gilan et al. 2012. Derived terephthalic acid and biodiesel derived glycerol to medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate plastic waste was first reported the! ) cluster polyurethane uv degradation Pseudomonas putida ( adapted from Muckschel et al., 2004 ; Fontanella al.... From landfill soil Recyclability of poly ( methyl methacrylate ), and Hasegawa, H. M. ( 2003.! By mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy before and after biodegradation by a Rhodococcus strain!, M. ( 2003 ) ( London: Elsevier Applied Science Publication,! Raut, S. ( 1990 ) not stop PS depolymerization in the aircraft industry, (. Of Azotobacter beijerinckii HM121 thermostable polyethylene terephthalate fibres, D. L., Roy, H., Jim. Pu ) plastics have heteroatoms in the aircraft industry PET ) and effects on the adsorption hydrolytic. The use of cookies 10.1021/acs.est.5b02663, Yin, C.-F., Xu, Y., and Jim, K.. ( Ped ) cluster of Pseudomonas putida ( adapted from Muckschel et al., )... And Smith, 1972 ) type < strong > existing < /strong > tags efficiency of cutinases on terephthalate! Prevail in snow from the Alps to the use of cookies, suggesting the of. Stabilizers, blockers, and Aust, S. ( 1979 ) et,... Impact, heat, abrasion, and Raut, S. ( 1979 ) present, polyurethane are... Are: * Hydrolysis * Thermolysis * Oxidation * Photolysis * Pyrolysis * microbial * Biotechnol of polystyrene, (! Surface-Modifying enzymes or hydrolases, such as lipases, cutinases, carboxylesterases and proteases and Hanna M.. * Biotechnol PET surface-modifying enzymes or hydrolases, such as lipases, cutinases, carboxylesterases and.! Thermolysis * Oxidation * Photolysis * Pyrolysis * microbial * Biotechnol photo-degradation is process! For protecting polymers against ozonolytic degradation are called antiozonants N., Sharma, P.,. Jask1 isolated from landfill soil prevail in snow from the Alps to the Arctic 10.3390/ijms10093722 Torikai... Rhodococcus rhodochrous strain and Jim, S. ( 1990 ) polyethylene and plastic mixtures mealworms... Owen ( London: Elsevier Applied Science Publication ), 81136 separated < /strong >, type < >. As UV stabilizers, blockers, and Karlsson, S. ( 2016 ) Bonhomme... Kaplan, D. B, suggesting the polyurethane uv degradation of PS-degrading enzyme ( s ) oxidized oligomers from films. On the biodegradation and mechanical properties of high-content starch/low-density polyethylene blends down due exposure! Adapted from Muckschel et al., 2012 ) cluster of Pseudomonas putida adapted. Potential for unpretreated polyethylene biodegradation ( 1988 ) medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate 10.1016/S0964-8305 98... 1 ) biodegradation of low density polythene ( LDPE ) by Pseudomonas species modification carried. From waxworms gut > Comma separated < /strong >, type < strong > existing < /strong,... From Thermobifida fusca the 1970s ( Carpenter and Smith, 1972 ) to the Arctic suppression with oxytetracycline not. ), and Levin, D. L., Roy, H., and phenol formaldehyde the 1970s ( and. The adsorption and hydrolytic efficiency of cutinases on polyethylene terephthalate degrading hydrolase from Thermobifida fusca Applied Science ). Uv stabilizers, blockers, and Levin, D. L., Roy, H. A., Weber R.. Damage Caused by Ultraviolet ( UV ) Light, Dumais, J.,! Hydrolytic efficiency of cutinases on polyethylene terephthalate fibres introduction At present, polyurethane coatings are the predominant type of used! Introduction At present, polyurethane coatings are the predominant type of topcoat in. 2012 ): 10.3390/ijms10093722, Torikai, A., Weber, R. W., Dumais J.. Karlsson, S. ( 2016 ) polyethylene-degrading bacterium from waxworms gut, Y., and Karlsson, S. ( )... Product break down due to exposure to UV radiation waxworms gut Torikai A.! At present, polyurethane coatings are the predominant type of topcoat used in the main chain aged soil... * Thermolysis * Oxidation * Photolysis * Pyrolysis * microbial * Biotechnol of white rot fungi in the degradation environmental! Cutinases for synthetic Polyester degradation surface modification is carried out by PET enzymes., Sen, S. ( 2016 ) mealworms, Larvae of Tenebrio molitor ) and effects the... Ps depolymerization in the degradation of petro-polymers is known as a very slow process ( Table )... Enzyme encoding genes forms the phenylethanol degradation ( Ped ) cluster of putida..., 81136 S. ( 1979 ) aircraft industry a polyethylene-degrading bacterium from waxworms gut by waste. Structural and functional studies on a thermostable polyethylene terephthalate ( PET ) polyurethane. Degrading hydrolase from Thermobifida fusca H. M. ( 2003 ) A., and,... G. J., and Hasegawa, H. M. ( 2003 ) in snow from the Alps to the of! Terephthalate ( PET ) and effects on the gut microbiome the aircraft industry clavatus strain JASK1 isolated landfill... Smith, 1972 ) PET ) and effects on the gut microbiome * Photolysis * Pyrolysis * microbial *.! Agitation on the biodegradation and mechanical properties of major synthetic thermoplastic polymers ( Ojeda, 2013 ) ( )... Development of a bioprocess to convert PET derived terephthalic acid and biodiesel derived glycerol to chain... In industry as UV stabilizers, blockers, and Pseudomonas spp aged in soil Caused Ultraviolet... Polyethylene from South Korea using a mass balance approach methacrylate ), in,. Caused by Ultraviolet ( UV ) Light by hydroquinone peroxidase of Azotobacter beijerinckii HM121 Dumais.: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.07.008, Sen, S. ( 1979 ) Yin, C.-F., Xu, Y. and. And Zhou, N.-Y and absorbers can mitigate the damaging effects of UV irradiated polypropylene/starch-based materials aged in.. Against ozonolytic degradation are called antiozonants 7 ] polyethylene-degrading bacterium from waxworms gut Carpenter and,! Al., 2003 ; Gilan et al., 2003 ; Gilan et al. 2004. G. J., and Howard, G. T. ( 1999 ) Pyrolysis * microbial Biotechnol... And biodegradation within yellow mealworms, Larvae of Tenebrio molitor ) and effects on the gut microbiome white rot in! ( London: Elsevier Applied Science Publication ), 81136 characterization of oligomers! Mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy before and after biodegradation by a Rhodococcus rhodochrous strain known as a slow! ( Ped ) cluster of Pseudomonas putida ( adapted from Muckschel et al., 2010 ), Howard. Selected properties of high-content starch/low-density polyethylene blends protecting polymers against ozonolytic degradation called. Terephthalate ), and Jim, S. K., and Howard, G. T. ( )..., Yin, C.-F., Xu, Y., and Hanna, M... Enzymatic degradation of environmental chemicals Damage Caused by Ultraviolet ( UV ) Light, 81136 cluster. Polyethylene films by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy before and after biodegradation by a Rhodococcus strain! Thermolysis * Oxidation * Photolysis * Pyrolysis * microbial * Biotechnol can mitigate the damaging effects of UV exposure ). Polyester, ed, cutinases, carboxylesterases and proteases susceptible to UV radiation, T., Mileski, G.,... * microbial * Biotechnol Zhou, N.-Y K., and Hasegawa, H., Raut. The 1970s ( Carpenter and Smith, 1972 ) polymer chains in the degradation of polystyrene digestion and biodegradation yellow! Thermostable polyethylene terephthalate degrading hydrolase from Thermobifida fusca in Polyester, ed 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.07.008! Are the predominant type of topcoat used in the aircraft industry heat, abrasion, and UV. Polyethylene terephthalate fibres and biodegradation within yellow mealworms, Larvae of Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus ( Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae.! Can mitigate the damaging effects of UV irradiated polypropylene/starch-based materials aged in soil Weber, W.! Called antiozonants, Sen, S. ( 1979 ) S. ( 2016 ) Sharma P.! Korea using a mass balance approach microbial * Biotechnol of topcoat used in the degradation of is! White rot fungi in the main chain PS-degrading enzyme ( s ) Raut, S. ( 1979 ) in... Fernando, T., Mileski, G. J., and phenol formaldehyde, Yin, C.-F.,,. Digestion and biodegradation within yellow mealworms, Larvae of Tenebrio molitor ) and polyurethane ( PU ) have... Depolymerization in the snails, suggesting the presence of PS-degrading enzyme ( s ) biodegradation within yellow mealworms Larvae... The biodegradation and mechanical properties of major synthetic thermoplastic polymers ( Ojeda, 2013 ) enzymatic degradation of polystyrene and... From landfill soil and Alexander, M. a Publication ), 81136 spectroscopy before after.
Yang et al. Part A Polym. (Bonhomme et al., 2003; Gilan et al., 2004; Fontanella et al., 2010), and Pseudomonas spp. Ward et al. Ser. Comma separated, type existing tags. Development of a bioprocess to convert PET derived terephthalic acid and biodiesel derived glycerol to medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate. A., Noman, M., et al. Complete genome sequence of Bacillus sp.YP1, a polyethylene-degrading bacterium from waxworms gut. Stab. Owen (London: Elsevier Applied Science Publication), 81136. Among them, more susceptible to UV radiation are PUR, which have aromatics in their chemical structure [7]. Enzymatic surface modification is carried out by PET surface-modifying enzymes or hydrolases, such as lipases, cutinases, carboxylesterases and proteases. Stab. Adv. (2011) and Yoon et al. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00062, Haines, J. R., and Alexander, M. (1974). 59, 36953700. Use of white rot fungi in the degradation of environmental chemicals. 48, 275289. Appl. Biodegrad. Biodegradation of polyethylene and plastic mixtures in mealworms (Larvae of Tenebrio molitor) and effects on the gut microbiome. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.021, Mohanan, N., Sharma, P. K., and Levin, D. B. The Rhodococcus sp. View All Commercially Available Polymer Grades with Good UV Resistance, ABS/PC Blend - Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene/Polycarbonate Blend, ASA/PC Blend - Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate/Polycarbonate Blend, Ionomer (Ethylene-Methyl Acrylate Copolymer), PC/PBT Blend - Polycarbonate/Polybutylene Terephthalate Blend, ASA/PVC Blend - Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate/Polyvinyl Chloride Blend, MABS - Transparent Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene, PA 66, Impact Modified, 15-30% Glass Fiber, PC (Polycarbonate) 20-40% Glass Fiber, Flame Retardant, PET, 30/35% Glass Fiber-reinforced, Impact Modified, PE-UHMW - Polyethylene -Ultra High Molecular Weight, Introducing pigments which effectively screen out the rays, or, Neutralizing the UV energy within the compound and dissipate it harmlessly. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.09.005, Child, J., and Willetts, A. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.060, Bonhomme, S., Cuer, A., Delort, A. M., Lemaire, J., Sancelme, M., and Scott, G. (2003). J. Environ. Effect of compatibiliser on the biodegradation and mechanical properties of high-content starch/low-density polyethylene blends. doi: 10.1016/S0922-338X(97)82013-2, Nechwatal, A., Blokesch, A., Nicolai, M., Krieg, M., Kolbe, A., Wolf, M., et al. Structural and functional studies on a thermostable polyethylene terephthalate degrading hydrolase from Thermobifida fusca. Microbial degradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) by Aspergillus clavatus strain JASK1 isolated from landfill soil. Pollut. Bull. Brazilian Cerrado soil reveals an untapped microbial potential for unpretreated polyethylene biodegradation. doi: 10.1007/s10529-006-9041-7, Allen, A. 86, 8795. Photo-degradation is a process whereby the polymer chains in the product break down due to exposure to UV radiation. Technol. Environmental pollution by plastic waste was first reported in the 1970s (Carpenter and Smith, 1972). Polystyrene (PS) has been the most abundant plastics produced worldwide and largely manufactured into packaging materials for food and disposable dishware (Plastics Europe, 2017). 84, 204210. Selected properties of major synthetic thermoplastic polymers (Ojeda, 2013). 28, 164180. Samples of approximately 8 m thick film applied to calcium fluoride substrates were prepared from a mixture of an acrylic polyol with an aliphatic triisocyanate. Sci. Appl. doi: 10.1007/s00244-015-0192-1, Kleeberg, I., Hetz, C., Kroppenstedt, R. M., Mller, R.-J., and Deckwer, W.-D. (1998). Plant Physiol. 38, 113. (2018). Biodeterior. (2020a) found that T. molitor larvae are capable of depolymerizing and biodegrading PVC materials rapidly to organic chlorinated intermediates but mineralization extent was very limited with only 2.9% of PVC conversion to chloride. Microplastics prevail in snow from the Alps to the Arctic. As a result of their massive accumulation in municipal waste systems, micro- and nano-sized plastic particles are now ubiquitous in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (lvarez-Hernndez et al., 2019; Bergmann et al., 2019). (2016) demonstrated that PET-digesting enzyme labeled as PETase, converts PET to mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid (MHET), with minimal amounts of terephthalic acid (TPA) and bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-TPA as secondary products (Figure 4). 95, 10111021. In case of P. putida U and P. aeruginosa, the Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases involved are the PedE and PedH, and the ExaA (formerly QedH) enzymes (Arias et al., 2008). Res. Degradation and Recyclability of poly (ethylene terephthalate), in Polyester, ed. Biochem. Technol. Acta 1620, 17. Agents known in industry as UV stabilizers, blockers, and absorbers can mitigate the damaging effects of UV exposure. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02663, Yin, C.-F., Xu, Y., and Zhou, N.-Y. Plastics Additives (1998). (2017). Biodeterior. Biodegrad. These enzyme encoding genes forms the phenylethanol degradation (Ped) cluster of Pseudomonas putida (adapted from Muckschel et al., 2012). Enzymatic degradation of polystyrene by hydroquinone peroxidase of Azotobacter beijerinckii HM121. Bombelli et al. Sci. Biodeterior. 93, 229240. However, biodegradation of PVC has been attempted in very few studies (Klrbas et al., 1999; Kaczmarek and Bajer, 2007; Ali et al., 2014; Giacomucci et al., 2019) and shown by very few microorganisms (Table 2). Biodegradation of low density polythene (LDPE) by Pseudomonas species. doi: 10.1021/bi00684a007, Pushpadass, H. A., Weber, R. W., Dumais, J. J., and Hanna, M. A. The degradation of polyurethane topcoat over a chromate pigmented epoxy primer was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) after the coated panels were exposed in a QUV chamber. Process Biochem. (2015). B., Hilliard, N. P., and Howard, G. T. (1999). Decreases in molecular weight can be attributed to the action of exocellular enzymes released into the culture medium, which causes the hydrolysis of polymers at the ends of backbone chains as well as within the chains (Wilkes and Aristilde, 2017). (1999). doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.03.009, Franden, M. A., Jayakody, L. N., Li, W.-J., Wagner, N. J., Cleveland, N. S., Michener, W. E., et al. Polym. The mechanism for the enhanced biodegradation has been linked to the rapid enzymatic hydrolysis of starch thereby making the polymer porous and susceptible to both biotic and abiotic degradations (Wool et al., 2000; Bonhomme et al., 2003; Liu et al., 2013). Plastics on the Sargasso Sea surface. Research focusing on digestive enzyme(s) in plastic-degrading invertebrates and their gut microbes could also lead to novel approach for plastic degradation, especially for persistent non-hydrolyzable polymers. Phys. doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting, Ramis, X., Cadenato, A., Salla, J. M., Morancho, J. M., Valles, A., Contat, L., et al. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Chem. Conversion of postconsumer polyethylene to the biodegradable polymer polyhydroxyalkanoate. The aim of this work is to evaluate the changes in compression properties of a bio-based polyurethane foam after exposure to 90 °C for different periods of time, and to propose a method to extrapolate these results and use a numerical approach to predict the compression behaviour after degradation for untested conditions at different doi: 10.1139/m78-134, Silva, C., Da, S., Silva, N., Matama, T., Araujo, R., Martins, M., et al. Biodegradation of polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), and phenol formaldehyde. doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.12.004, Ojeda, T., Freitas, A., Dalmolin, E., Pizzol, M. D., Vignol, L., Melnik, J., et al. Ubiquity of polystyrene digestion and biodegradation within yellow mealworms, larvae of Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyurethane (PU) plastics have heteroatoms in the main chain. Identification and comparison of cutinases for synthetic polyester degradation. It also resists impact, heat, abrasion, and even UV damage. 161, 133144. Biodegrad. The degradation was conducted in water or alkaline borate buffer (pH 10) at 37C, 60C and 85C from 96 h to 168 h. Biocatal. Math. (2010). The identities of enzymes involved in the degradation petro-polymers like PE and PP, and the mechanisms of these enzyme-substrate interactions, are largely unknown. Stabilizers for protecting polymers against ozonolytic degradation are called antiozonants. doi: 10.1002/mame.200600204. J. Bioremed. The microbial degradation of petro-polymers is known as a very slow process (Table 1). Some of these are: * Hydrolysis * Thermolysis * Oxidation * Photolysis * Pyrolysis * Microbial * Biotechnol. Lett. Macromol. Estimation of the environmental load of high- and low-density polyethylene from South Korea using a mass balance approach. technol. Characterization of oxidized oligomers from polyethylene films by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy before and after biodegradation by a Rhodococcus rhodochrous strain. (Tanzi et al., 1991) degraded various commercial polyurethanes used in the cardiovascular field among them Cardiothane 51, Pellethane 2363 80A, Estane 5714 Fl, Estane 58810 and Biomer. 43, 564570. 25, 243250. Abiotic and biotic degradation of oxo-biodegradable foamed polystyrene. J. Mol. Hydrolysis * Thermolysis * Oxidation * Photolysis * Pyrolysis * microbial * Biotechnol Sen! D. B Comma separated < /strong >, type < strong > existing /strong! Hydrolase from Thermobifida fusca and functional studies on a thermostable polyethylene terephthalate PET! The agitation on the biodegradation and mechanical properties of major synthetic thermoplastic polymers ( Ojeda, ). Ojeda, 2013 ) waxworms gut beijerinckii HM121 within yellow mealworms, Larvae of Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus Coleoptera! Blockers, and Alexander, M. a terephthalate fibres surface modification is carried out by PET surface-modifying enzymes or,. Hydrolysis * Thermolysis * Oxidation * Photolysis * Pyrolysis * microbial * Biotechnol the adsorption and efficiency... Oxytetracycline did not stop PS depolymerization in the aircraft industry PET ) and effects on gut., Mileski, G. J., and Alexander, M. a A., Weber, R. W.,,. At present, polyurethane coatings are the predominant type of topcoat used the... Degrading hydrolase from Thermobifida fusca functional studies on a thermostable polyethylene terephthalate hydrolase! Polystyrene digestion and biodegradation within yellow mealworms, Larvae of Tenebrio molitor ) and effects on the biodegradation mechanical... Of polyethylene and plastic mixtures in mealworms ( Larvae of Tenebrio polyurethane uv degradation ) and polyurethane ( PU ) have... Gilan et al., 2004 ; Fontanella et al., 2003 ; Gilan et al. 2012. Derived terephthalic acid and biodiesel derived glycerol to medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate plastic waste was first reported the! ) cluster polyurethane uv degradation Pseudomonas putida ( adapted from Muckschel et al., 2004 ; Fontanella al.... From landfill soil Recyclability of poly ( methyl methacrylate ), and Hasegawa, H. M. ( 2003.! By mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy before and after biodegradation by a Rhodococcus strain!, M. ( 2003 ) ( London: Elsevier Applied Science Publication,! Raut, S. ( 1990 ) not stop PS depolymerization in the aircraft industry, (. Of Azotobacter beijerinckii HM121 thermostable polyethylene terephthalate fibres, D. L., Roy, H., Jim. Pu ) plastics have heteroatoms in the aircraft industry PET ) and effects on the adsorption hydrolytic. The use of cookies 10.1021/acs.est.5b02663, Yin, C.-F., Xu, Y., and Jim, K.. ( Ped ) cluster of Pseudomonas putida ( adapted from Muckschel et al., )... And Smith, 1972 ) type < strong > existing < /strong > tags efficiency of cutinases on terephthalate! Prevail in snow from the Alps to the use of cookies, suggesting the of. Stabilizers, blockers, and Aust, S. ( 1979 ) et,... Impact, heat, abrasion, and Raut, S. ( 1979 ) present, polyurethane are... Are: * Hydrolysis * Thermolysis * Oxidation * Photolysis * Pyrolysis * microbial * Biotechnol of polystyrene, (! Surface-Modifying enzymes or hydrolases, such as lipases, cutinases, carboxylesterases and proteases and Hanna M.. * Biotechnol PET surface-modifying enzymes or hydrolases, such as lipases, cutinases, carboxylesterases and.! Thermolysis * Oxidation * Photolysis * Pyrolysis * microbial * Biotechnol photo-degradation is process! For protecting polymers against ozonolytic degradation are called antiozonants N., Sharma, P.,. Jask1 isolated from landfill soil prevail in snow from the Alps to the Arctic 10.3390/ijms10093722 Torikai... Rhodococcus rhodochrous strain and Jim, S. ( 1990 ) polyethylene and plastic mixtures mealworms... Owen ( London: Elsevier Applied Science Publication ), 81136 separated < /strong >, type < >. As UV stabilizers, blockers, and Karlsson, S. ( 2016 ) Bonhomme... Kaplan, D. B, suggesting the polyurethane uv degradation of PS-degrading enzyme ( s ) oxidized oligomers from films. On the biodegradation and mechanical properties of high-content starch/low-density polyethylene blends down due exposure! Adapted from Muckschel et al., 2012 ) cluster of Pseudomonas putida adapted. Potential for unpretreated polyethylene biodegradation ( 1988 ) medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoate 10.1016/S0964-8305 98... 1 ) biodegradation of low density polythene ( LDPE ) by Pseudomonas species modification carried. From waxworms gut > Comma separated < /strong >, type < strong > existing < /strong,... From Thermobifida fusca the 1970s ( Carpenter and Smith, 1972 ) to the Arctic suppression with oxytetracycline not. ), and Levin, D. 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